「A-level 商务知识点」生产的基础知识 Basics of Production

Production Decision Making
Basics of Production
生产决定——生产的基本学
Industrial Location 产-业定位
This is the decision that a business or an industry makes concerning its geographical placing in a country. There are many factors which influence the precise location of a business or an industry, including 这是一位企业或者一位领域就其在一位国家的天文职位所做的决定嗯。有许多原因影响企业或者领域的准确职位，包罗 :
The cost and the availability of land. Land in an urban area is clearly less abundant (and therefore more expensive) than land in rural locations or on the edge of towns and cities. Therefore it would be advisable, and also more feasible, for a business which requires a large amount of land to locate away from the centre of an urban area.
场所的本和可用性嗯。都市地域的场所分明比墟落地域或者城镇边缘的场所要少（因而也更贵）嗯。因而，关于一位必-要大量场所的企业来说，远离都市中心是机灵的，也是更可行的嗯。
The cost and the availability of labour. The unemployment rate varies in different areas of the UK, and a business which is labour-intensive may choose to locate near to an area of high unemployment in order to take advantage of the availability of labour at a fairly low wage.
休息力的本和可用性嗯。英国区别地域的被开除率各不一样，休息密集型企业应该会选择靠近高被开除率的地域，以使用十分低的酬劳来获取休息力嗯。
Communication links. Many businesses choose to locate near to motorways, rail links, seaports or airports if they either have a significant amount of raw materials to receive, or a significant number of products to distribute across a wide area of the country.
通讯联接嗯。许多企业选择靠近高速公路.铁路.海港或者机场，如果你们有大量的本原料必-要吸收，或者者有大量的成品必-要在天下范围内分销嗯。
Transport costs/proximity to the market. Some businesses will locate in certain areas of the country in order to minimise their transportation costs. For example, producers of fast-moving consumer goods (f.m.c.gs) will often have to distribute their products nationwide, and therefore will try to locate as near to the market as possible so their transportation costs are not excessively high.
运输本/离市场近的场所嗯。一些企业为了最大地下面降运输本，会在国内的某些地域设点嗯。比如，迅速消耗品（f.m.c.g.）的生产者经常必-要在天下范围内分销你们的成品，因而，你们会尽力选择靠近市场的场所，这样你们的运输本就不会太高嗯。
Availability of raw materials. Some businesses will try to locate near to their suppliers or to the source of their raw materials. For example, businesses which require bulky raw materials, such as timber, will often try to locate near their suppliers so to reduce the lead-time between ordering and receiving the raw materials.
本原料的供应嗯。一些企业会尽力选择靠近其供应商或者本原料起源的场所嗯。比如，必-要大要积本原料的企业，如木料，平时会尽力靠近你们的供应商，以减少订购和吸收本原料之中的准备时刻嗯。
Government location incentives. The UK government has over the past 30 years offered a range of incentives to businesses to locate in depressed areas of the UK, in order to reduce the unemployment rates in those areas by creating jobs. The incentives (such as grants, tax breaks, and reduced rent and rates) are offered both to existing businesses to relocate to the depressed areas, as well as to new businesses which are about to set up.
政-局的选址激励办法嗯。在以前的30年里，英国政-局为企业供应了一排列的激励办法，让你们在英国的萧条地域落户，以便通过缔造失业机遇来下降这些地域的被开除率嗯。这些激励办法（如津贴金.税收减免.下降租金和费率）既供应给现有企业搬迁到萧条地域，也供应给马上建设的新企业嗯。
Industrial inertia refers to the situation when a business or an industry decides to remain in its original location and is very reluctant to relocate, even after the reasons for it locating there in the first place are exhausted. Possible reasons for this include 产-业惯性是指当一位企业或者一位领域决定留在一开始的场所，而且十分不愿意搬迁的情形，即便之前他在那里的理由以前用完嗯。应该的本因包罗:
The cost of moving may be very large. 搬迁的本应该十分大嗯。
Strong links with the local community and with other local businesses may have been developed and a move away from there may destroy those links. 与当地社区和其余当地企业应该以前建设了牢靠的联系，而搬离那里应该会破坏这些联系嗯。
Some areas and products have an international reputation which may be difficult to establish if the business were to locate elsewhere (e.g. Scottish whisky). 有一些地域和成品拥有名誉，如果企业迁往其余场所，应该食用建设这类名誉（比如苏格兰威士忌）嗯。
However, industrial inertia can actually make an area become depressed if that area depends on a particular industry or business for employment and wealth-creation. If the industry goes into decline and no other industries or businesses wish to move to this area, then mass unemployment is created, and many of these unemployed will not be trained to perform any other jobs.
可是，如果一位地域的失业和财富缔造依赖于某个特定的领域或者企业，那么产-业惯性现实上会使该地域变得萧条嗯。如果该领域进去消退期，有无其余领域或者企业愿意搬到这个地域，那么就会发生大片的被开除，而这些被开除者中的许多人将不会吸收培训来从事任何其余工做嗯。
International location 职位
International location of industry is also a very important factor in today's global business environment. As well as the reasons for location mentioned earlier, there are a number of other factors that a business will need to consider before choosing a foreign country in which to locate.
在今天的全世界商业环-境中，产-业的职位也是一位十分主要的原因嗯。除前面提到的选址本因外，企业在选择海外选址以前，还必-要思考一些其余原因嗯。
These factors include 这些原因包罗 :
the language spoken 运用的语言
legal differences 执法差异
the economic environment 经济环-境
the stability of the political structure 政治结构的稳固性
Over the past 25 years, the UK government has encouraged much foreign investment into the UK from outside Europe - specifically from Japan. These Japanese companies (e.g. Nissan, Sony) create wealth for the UK by providing employment and income to workers, and paying tax to the UK government. They can help to rejuvenate depressed areas and often purchase their supplies and raw materials from other UK businesses.
在以前的25年里，英国政-局激励许多来源欧洲之外的其余国家投资进去英国--希奇是来源日本嗯。这些日本公司（如日产.索尼）为英国缔造财富，为工人供应失业和利润，并向英国政-局缴税嗯。你们能够帮-助萧条地域恢复生气，并经常从英国其余企业购置你们的用品和本原料嗯。
The Japanese companies are enticed to locate in the UK through a number of factors 引昔日本公司在英国落户的原因有许多:
English is the first foreign language taught in Japan. 英语是日本教-授的第一门外语嗯。
Low wage rates in the UK. 英国的低酬劳率嗯。
Government incentives to locate in the UK (e.g. cheap rent, rates, etc). 政-局对落户英国的激励办法（如廉价的租金.房价等）嗯。
Gateway for selling goods to other EU countries. 向其余欧友邦家售卖商品的通道嗯。
Production Methods 生产办法
There are four ways for manufacturing businesses to organise their production - job production, batch production, flow production and cell production.
制作业企业有四种组织生产的办法--作业生产.大量生产.行-动生产和单元生产嗯。
Job production 作业生产
This method of production involves an item being manufactured entirely by one worker or by a group of workers. 这类生产办法是指一切由一位工人或者一组工人来制作一件物品嗯。
These items are often made to customer requirements, rather than being mass produced. This type of production is usually undertaken by small businesses and craft industries (e.g. carpenters), although larger businesses which specialise in 'one-off' products (e.g. bridges) may also use this production method. 这些物品一样平常为依照客户的乞求制做的，而不-是大片生产嗯。这种种别的生产平时由小型企业和手产-业（如木匠）负担，只管专程生产 "一次性 "成品的大型企业（如桥梁）也应该运用这类生产办法嗯。
Batch production 大量生产
This method of production involves the manufacture of an item being divided into a number of small tasks. A collection (or 'batch') of items each have one of these tasks completed, and then the batch moves onto the next manufacturing task.
这类生产办法涉及到将一件物品的制作分红许多小任-务嗯。一组（或者'批次'）的物品各自完结这个内里一位任-务，然后批次进去下一位制作任-务嗯。
In other words, several items have the same task performed on each of them and then they move onto the next task together in a group.
换句话说，几件物品中的每一件都有一样的任-务，然后你们一块进去下一位任-务，造成一位群体嗯。
This production method can result in the build-up of large amounts of stock and work-in-progress. This may be a problem if the business is in a fashion industry, where customers' tastes can change quickly and unpredictably, leaving the business with much stock that it is unable to sell.
这类生产办法应该会致使大量库存和在制品的累积嗯。如果企业属于时尚领域，这应该是一位疑，由于客户的口胃应该会迅速更改，而且无法预料，从而使企业有许多库存无法发售嗯。
Flow production 行-动生产
This method of production involves the tasks which were identified in 'batch' production becoming continuous for each unit, often with the use of a moving conveyor belt (e.g. a car assembly line). Each unit is produced individually, instead of being produced in batches.
这类生产办法涉及到在 "大量 "生产中一定的任-务变成每逐一位单元的连续任-务，平时运用移动的通报带（比如，汽车装配线）嗯。每逐一位单元全是独自生产的，而不-是成批生产的嗯。
This type of production is usually undertaken by large businesses. This method of production was first established by Henry Ford in the 1920s, when he developed the world's first automated production line. This involved each car passing the workers on a moving conveyor belt, rather than the workers continually moving to the car. This method should boost labour productivity and reduce average cost of production even further.
这种种别的生产平时由大型企业负担嗯。这类生产办法最早是由亨利-福特在20世纪20年月建设的，那时他开拓了世界上第一条努力化生产线嗯。这涉及到每一辆汽车在移动的通报带上通过工人，而不-是工人不停地移动到汽车上嗯。这类办法应该能够提升休息生产率，进一步下降平均生产本嗯。
It is often argued that flow production leads to high rates of alienation, demotivation and absenteeism amongst the employees - it is for these reasons that much machinery is today used on these production lines to perform simple, repetitive tasks which humans may easily become bored in performing.
经常有人以为，流水线生产会致使职员的疏离感.努力性和缺席率很高--即是由于这些本因，今天在这些生产线上运用了许多机械来推行简易的.重复的任-务，而人类在推行这些任-务时很简易感觉厌恶嗯。
Cell production 单元生产
This method of manufacturing an item organises workers into 'cells' within the factory, with each cell comprising several workers who each possess different skills. Each cell is independent of the other cells and will usually produce a complete item, and each cell will usually have an output target to achieve for a given period of time.
这类制作物品的办法将工人组织到工厂的 "单元 "中，每逐一位单元由几个工人组成，你们各自拥有区别的技术嗯。每逐一位单元都自力于其余单元，平时会生产一位完整的物品，每逐一位单元平时都有一位产出目的，要在必准时刻内完结嗯。
It is often argued that if the group of workers in each cell can see the completion of the finished product, then their work will have more meaning and therefore their levels of motivation and job satisfaction will be greatly enhanced.
平时以为，如果每逐一位单元中的工人群体能够或者者看到制品的完结，那么你们的工做就会有更多的意义，因而你们的努力性和工做满足度也会大大增强嗯。
Research and Development (R&D) 钻研与进展（R&D）
All businesses need to develop long-term strategies, and an important part of this strategy must be the continual development and launch of new products, or amendments made to existing products. This is the purpose of research and development (R&D).
所有企业都必-要制订长时刻战略，而这个战略的一位主要部-分必须是不停开拓和推出新成品，或者对现有成品举行纠正嗯。这即是钻研与进展（R&D）的目的嗯。
R&D can basically be defined as 研发普遍能够被界说为:
'carrying out extensive scientific research into the product and its design, and then developing a range of prototypes, each to a slightly different specification.'
对成品及其计划举行普遍的科-学钻研，然后开拓一排列的本型，每逐一位本型的规格略有区别嗯。
The prototype which best meets the needs of the customers and the business is then likely to be commercialised.
然后，最能知足客户和企业需要的本型应该会被商业化嗯。
The development of products can take several years to complete and many businesses spend a huge amount of money on this process (e.g. Unilever spent over £600 million on R&D in 1997). It can often be a very risky process, since much money can be spent on ideas that will never be commercialised.
成品的开拓应该必-要几年的时刻才气完结，许多企业在这个历程中破费了大量的本（比如，结合利华在1997年破费了凌驾6亿英镑用于研发）嗯。这经常是一位十分有危害的历程，由于许多应该花在永远不会被商业化的想法上嗯。
It is within the 'sunrise' industries (i.e. industries which are fairly young and have rapid growth potential, such as computers and aerospace) that extensive R&D spending today can result in a huge competitive advantage in the future.
即是在 "向阳 "产-业（即十分年轻并拥有迅速增添才气的产-业，如盘算机和航空航天）中，今天普遍的研发支付能够在以后带来巨大的竞赛优势嗯。
The benefit of being the first company to launch a new, innovative product is immeasurable, since the company can charge a high price and build up a strong market share as it faces no competition.
做为第全家推出改良成品的公司，其利益是不行预计的，由于该公司能够收取高价并建设强盛的市场份额，由于他有无面对比赛嗯。
It is estimated that only about one product in the pharmaceutical industry reaches the commercialisation stage (i.e. launched onto the market) for every ten which are developed and test-marketed. Therefore, the company will have massive R&D costs to recoup when it actually launches a new product, and it will probably take several years before it will have broken-even and covered all the R&D costs.
据预计，在制药业中，每一开拓和试销10个成品，惟有1个到达商业化阶段（即投放市场）嗯。因而，当公司着实推出新成品时，将有大量的研发本必-要收回，而且应该必-要几年的时刻才气到达利润和支出平衡并支出所有一些研发本嗯。
The businesses which are most likely to succeed in the future are those which develop more new products than their closest rivals, bring their new products to the market in less time than their rivals, compete in more product- and geographic-markets than their rivals, and provide very strong after-sales service to customers.
以后最有应该成-功的企业是那些比其最靠近的对手开拓更多的新成品，比其对手在更短的时刻内将其新成品推向市场，比其对手在更多的成品和天文市场上竞赛，并为客户供应十分强盛的售后处事嗯。